Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lavradeira Costume, Viana do Castelo, Minho province, Portugal


Hello all,

Today I will be entering another new country, Portugal.
This is the most famous costume of Portugal, and the most colorful. You will often see it representing Portugal as a whole. It is native to a number of villages around the city of Viana do Castelo in the the northern Province of Minho [pronounced meenyo]. This city lies on the Atlantic just north of the mouth of the river Limia.


 This area has several costumes which differ according to purpose and to social class. The costume I will be speaking of is called 'Traje de Lavradeira' by the local people. In the rest of Portugal it is often called the costume of Viana do Castelo, and outside Portugal it is usually referred to as the Minho costume.

There are minor differences between the various villages, and also, as you can see by the first photo, the costume comes in two color variations: vermelho [red], and azul or verde [blue or green]. The second is also known as traje de do' which can be loosely translated as the sad costume.


 The red version is considered to be the 'happy' version, and is worn by younger women. The blue or green versions are worn in times of semi-mourning or other sadness, such as the absence of a loved one, and by older women.

The base layer is a linen chemise, camisa, with blue floral satin-stitch embroidery on the front, the shoulders, upper sleeves and cuffs. There is a band of smocking at the top of the sleeve as well. Here is an old chemise showing the cut.









Today, the chemise is usually made in two pieces, forming a blouse and a narrow underskirt. A full petticoat is worn on top of the first. 

There is a separate bodice, colete, which is always sewn in two parts. The upper part is of the major color of the outfit, red, blue, or green, and the lower part is black. The seam between the two is said to follow the line of the diaphram, and therefore promotes healthy breathing. The front is cut rather low, and there is usually an ornament in the shape of a heart. 







There is usually a line of embroidery, trim or braid along the seam, and varying amounts of embroidery on the bodice. An amazing variety exists, from quite simple to very colorful and busy.










 

You will also see examples with debased embroidery, which can be churned out quickly and are intended for the tourist market.

 
It is easy to see two different styles of embroidery in the above examples. I wonder if they are from two different villages. Here is a third. This bodice is from the village of Areosa.



 The skirt, saia, is made of heavy wool or linen. If of wool, it has a background color of either red or blue/green, with narrow stripes of other colors widely spaced. You can see in this photo above that there is a narrow band gathered into the waistband, and then the body of the skirt is gathered into this band. This is how the skirt can be made so full. There is a wide band sewn onto the hem. This is usually black, but in some villages on the seashore it may be red. It may be left plain or it may have embroidery which matches the black part of the bodice.




Here we see several women wearing the Lavradeira costume, and two wearing the Mordoma costume which is also from the same region.





The hem is usually around ankle length, but like in so many places, some dance groups have decided to shorten it.




There is a simpler version of this costume called domingar which is for Sundays and going-to-market. The full costume is for festivals. This has a skirt of plain or striped linen. The top part of the bodice may be made of linen as well.

 
The apron, avental, is hand-woven of thick wool, designs are formed by pulling small loops of yarn out, so that the design stands out from the background. It is double gathered in the same way as the skirt. Traditionally the motifs were relatively simple geometric designs. In 1918 the painter José de Brito Sobrinho, who was born in this region began to design more elaborate motifs for the aprons which his wife wove. These designs, especially the floral ones became part of the local tradition, especially in his village of Santa Marta de Portuzelo.










The older geometric designs are now mostly worn with the domingar version of the costume. Personally I find them much more attractive than the garish pink roses.

A separate pocket, algibeira, is worn with this costume. It is embroidered and is in the form of a stylized heart. While this is decorative it has a practical purpose in carrying keys, wallets, handkerchiefs, etc. This is a common souvenir which people often bring back from Portugal.





 






A kerchief is worn on the head. If there was any older headdress it has been forgotten. A similar scarf is worn on the shoulders for the Lavradeira costume, but not the Domingar. They come in various colors, but mostly have the same design.







Backless slippers with a low heel, chinelas, are worn, or like many peasants all over Europe they often go barefoot.  These may be plain or embroidered.  Knit stockings are worn with the chinelas. There also exist stockings without feet, which may be worn when barefoot or with the slippers, to keep the legs warm, i assume.













Of course, the full lavradeira costume is not complete without an abundance of gold jewelry.







The men's costume is straightforward. Black pants, red sash, black jacket. 

The only unique detail is the linen shirt which is embroidered, usually in blue or red cross-stitch.







Sometimes a shirt for special occasions will be embroidered in white on white.



The Domingar costume for the Atlantic coast villages is white, and includes the fisherman's cap which is widespread in the mediterranean.



One interesting fact is that the wedding costume in this area, as in some other places around Europe, is black.



Thank you for reading, I hope that you have found this interesting and informative.

 I will close with some more images of this costume.





 





This seems to be a website where you can buy pieces of this costume. At least there are some good closeups.

http://www.casaregional.com/#/Galeria-de-Produtos-04-00/

Here is a slideshow of the costumes of this region.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osf9s0ppzyQ 

Here is a dance group from the town of Viano do Castelo. The dancers are all wearing the domingar costume, but the lavradeira and mordoma costumes are worn by those who are singing.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgIK3bvAAe8

Here is a village folkloric group from this region doing a performance at a festival. It opens with some backstage chatter, but it does show a lot of dancing, including the famous Vira; and shows off both the domingar and lavradeira costumes. This is a longer clip.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=ZjKh6zuH9bo 



Feel free to contact me with requests for research. I hope to eventually cover all of Europe and the Former Russian Empire/Soviet Union. I also gratefully accept tips on source materials which i may not have. I also accept commissions to research/design, sew, and/or embroider costumes or other items for groups or individuals. I also choreograph and teach folk dance.
Roman K.

Rkozakand@aol.com

Source material:
I would like to thank Marcos León Fernández for providing me with information and some of these photographs.
I obtained some good information from this website:
http://trajesdeportugal.blogspot.com.es/2006/08/trajes-do-minho.html 
Claudio Basto, 'Traje a Vianesa', Gaia - Portugal, 1930
Tomaz Ribas, 'O Trajo Regional em Portugal', Braga, Portugal, 2004
R. Turner Wilcox, 'Folk and Festival Costumes of the World', New York, 1965
Robert Lee Humphrey, Jr., 'Spain and Portugal', Broomal, PA, 2003



19 comments:

  1. I loved reading this! My parents are Portuguese born, but I was born in New Jersey; at a young age I was in a local Portuguese folkloric dance group, and it's lovely to read all the background information on a costume I had so much pride and love wearing this past decade! Is it possible for you to put up more Portuguese costumes?

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    1. Thank you Gabriela, I am glad that you enjoyed it.
      I do plan on writing more about Portuguese costumes, although none of the others are as interesting as this one. I would love to have some photos of your costume if this is possible.
      Do you know anything about the different kinds of embroidery and what they mean?
      I have another book on Portuguese costumes on order and will wait until I have it before writing any more. I have a lot of territory to cover. I would be grateful for any info or pictures you would be willing to share. You may write me at the email given just above

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    2. The men's shirts often, but not always, have a poem cross-stitched over the left breast. This romantic poem is consistent with other lover's traditions, such as the lover's handkerchief. The lover's handkerchief is embroidered with natural motifs and lines of poetry. The words were often misspelled because these girls did not have extensive schooling. The tradition continues today, and words on these handkerchiefs are deliberately misspelled. The lover's handkerchief is used to hold the Mordoma's ceremonial mass candle. The embroidery on the bodice, to my knowledge, does not have a significant meaning; just natural motifs that have developed over the ages. Since your post, I have been researching Portuguese costume from different regions and have a lot of material I will email you soon for your next post!

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  2. I enjoy all the pictures. I live in NC. I never knew about the meaning of the different costume colors. Just beautiful!! My parents came from Portugal and it meant so much to me to see the dancers. I wish I had learned how to dance so that I could start my own group here.

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  3. hello...can you tell me where i can order one of the Portuguese white folk blouses with blue embroidery?....thank you:)

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    1. Sometimes you can find the blouses on Etsy or Ebay. You may be able to order them online from the following Portuguese vendors: http://www.martaprozil.pt/ http://www.lojadofolclore.com/?link=detalhes_produto&idproduto=67 Good Luck!

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    2. Additionally, I know how to make the blouse.

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  4. Can you let me know where I can buy the whole outfit

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    1. I just saw a Portuguese costume on ebay. It looks like those in the photos here.

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  5. I recently went to Viana do Castelo and am doing research for a blog post. Thank you for the beautiful pictures and helpful information.

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  6. Where can this clothes be purchased

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    1. I just saw a Portuguese costume on ebay. It looks like those in the photos here.

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  9. hi there would love to order a costume if you are able to make one still?I am a folk dancer in vancouver canada you can email me at lilianafaisca@icloud.com

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  10. I am looking to purchae a potuguese uniform like you have in many of the pictures. I am looking for the dress that has many layers in the skirt part. My dad is Portuguese but mother French Canadian therfore I know nothing about my roots. Thanks for you help!

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